If you want to see this letter from our site, please follow this link. http://www.e-malt.com/Publications.asp?6296
E-Malt.com NewsLetter

Newsletter Summary






Last five newsletters


Last five graphs

Note: All graphs issued with e-malt.com newsletters are published in "Graph" section of e-malt.com site.



Last five tables

All e-malt.com tables are published in e-malt.com Statistics section. The Statistics section includes Barley statistics, Malt statistics and Beer statistics. The tables related to barley are published in Barley Statistics section, the tables related to malt in Malt Statistics section and the tables related to beer in Beer Statistics section.



Last five prices evolutions


Last five scientific digests


Access to E-malt.com

User name

Password


Use the above form to have a full immediate access to E-malt.com site! Through the drop-down menu you can easily remind your username and password, change your username and password or even edit your account!




Do you know
E-malt.com?

Dear E-malt Reader!

E-malt.com Newsletters Archive could be found directly on e-malt.com site. Browsing through our Newsletters Archive you may see all the issues you have missed. To this purpose you just have to login e-malt.com and click on Newsletters link in the menu. Reading our Newsletters you will be kept informed with the latest news and events regarding malting and beer world. You may also submit your own news, events or other information to the address info@e-malt.com!

Updated figures related to USA barley and malt trade with Mexico and Canada could be seen in NAFTA section of e-malt.com menu. To this purpose please enter e-malt.com!

You may find updated malt, barley and beer statistics on e-malt.com Statistics section. Just enter e-malt.com! Here you will find all tables issued with e-malt.com newsletters.

E-malt.com Agenda gives the possibility to keep you informed about the Events planned to be held in the whole world related to the brewing and malting industries. To this purpose you just have to login e-malt.com and click on Agenda link in the menu. Reading our Event Agenda you will find out about the future symposia, conferences and festivals related to malting and beer world. You may also submit your own events to the address info@e-malt.com

E-malt.com has Trading Online system. The system is to be used for malt/barley trading. One can register a malt/barley offer or a malt/barley request. The registering person could be as a seller/buyer or as an agent for seller/buyer. The User can see information about all active malt/barley offers & requests. If needed the system allows user to buy/sell malt/barley due to reasonable offers/requests. The way to do this is to confirm reasonable transaction. Trading Online rules are available through the Internet in the Trading Online as well as Tutorial (useful for persons who starts the system usage). To visit the E-malt Trading Online first go to the E-malt.com site, then click Trading Online link in the left menu of the e-malt.com home page. For more details please contact info@e-malt.com

Thank You!


E-malt.com Links!




Note

If you have any comments, questions, suggestions or remarks, you can send a mail to: info@e-malt.com. To submit your own news to our editorial team, email to: info@e-malt.com


If you have received this newsletter from a colleague, you can obtain your own subscription here! You are not registered yet? You may register here.


You may recommend our site to your friend by clicking here.


If you do not wish to receive our newsletter, please unsubscribe your e-mail address from our mailing list by sending us an e-mail info@e-malt.com. Please take into consideration your registration data.



E-Malt.com Newsletter 46b
November 12 - November 15, 2009
Open!
Click here to get full size Newsletter


Quote of the week

"Peace is not merely a distant goal that we seek, but a means by which we arrive at that goal."
Martin Luther King Jr.
Currency Rates
Base Currency: Euro, EUR
on 13-November-2009

1 EUR = 1.4948 USD
1 EUR = 0.9022 GBP
1 EUR = 1.5662 CAD
1 EUR = 1.6069 AUD
1 EUR = 134.54 JPY
1 EUR = 2.5839 BRL
1 EUR = 43.0782 RUB
1 EUR = 10.2191 CNY
Base Currency: US Dollar
on 13-November-2009

1 USD = 0.6691 EUR
1 USD = 0.6036 GBP
1 USD = 1.0478 CAD
1 USD = 1.0751 AUD
1 USD = 90.0073 JPY
1 USD = 1.7286 BRL
1 USD = 28.8195 RUB
1 USD = 6.8366 CNY
Currency Rates Chart

Equities of the Largest Breweries

Equities of the Largest Breweries

Average Market Prices Change trend

November 13, 2009

Type Crop 2009 Crop 2010
2rs Barley EUR98.0-102.0 EUR120.0-124.0 1.67%
6rw Barley EUR95.0-99.0 EUR111.0-115.0 0.89%
2rs Malt EUR284.0-288.0 EUR310.0-314.0 0.81%
6rw Malt EUR279.0-283.0 EUR298.0-302.0 0.33%
Feed Barley EUR94.0-98.0 nq nq

Note: Just click on the price link and you will be led to our Market Price History. Average barley market prices are French and are estimated on FOB Creil basis. Average Malt Prices are theoretical and based FOB Antwerp being estimated on French malting barley. The changes are compared to last Newsletter's prices. Arrows indicate the direction of the change.


Top Industry News

Belgium: AB InBev increases January – September revenues by 1.8% while beer volumes drop ...Click here
Brazil: AmBev posts mainly good results for Q3 2009 ...Click here
Turkey: Anadolu Efes increases Turkish beer sales, EBITDA in the nine months of this year ...Click here
Singapore: Asia Pacific Breweries ends its fiscal year with a 39% increase in ANP ...Click here
Thailand: ThaiBev’s beer division ends the Jan-Sept 2009 period at a loss ...Click here
Russia: Lower house of parliament votes in favour of increasing duty on beer ...Click here
Australia: GrainCorp completes acquisition of United Malt Holdings ...Click here
EU: Malt market livens up in October ...Click here
EU: Market sees present malting barley prices as attractive and bound to rise in future ...Click here
United Kingdom: Malting barley growers to see better crop prices no sooner than 2011 ...Click here
United Kingdom: IBD posts updated list of barley varieties approved for harvest 2010 ...Click here
EU: Barley surplus and low prices may make farmers turn away to more rewarding grains ...Click here


More News


Brazil: AmBev considering a 1.3-1.5 mln reais investment in output capacity ...More Info
Belgium & Mexico: Analysts expect AB InBev to target Grupo Modelo for its next deal ...More Info
United Kingdom: Bitter and lager sales rise in value year on year ...More Info
Japan: Beer shipments the lowest for any October since 1992 ...More Info
Mexico: FEMSA beer does not tempt Coca-Cola Mexico ...More Info
Uganda: Brewers arguing over a bottle ...More Info
EU: Some small deals closed on malting barley ...More Info
Japan: Asahi’s beer sales drop 4.9% in October 2009 ...More Info
The Czech Republic: Brewer Plzeňský Prazdroj contributes to the rising trend in the premium segment of 11° beers ...More Info
Thailand: ThaiBev to invest B100 mln in pushing its Chang beer ...More Info
Russia: SUN InBev to resume bottling Tinkoff beer only if the market sufficiently improves ...More Info
Mexico & India: Indian beer market welcomes a Mexican newcomer ...More Info
United Kingdom: Cobra Beer to launch a promotion timed to National Curry Week ...More Info
Go to our news database with more than 16127 articles.
Today with the possibility to be translated in 7 different languages!
DE FR SP IT PT RU CN

Brewery News

Belgium: AB InBev increases January – September revenues by 1.8% while beer volumes drop

World’s largest brewer, Belgium-based Anheuser-Busch InBev, said on November, 12 its total 3Q09 beer volumes decreased 3.3% to 96.48 mln hl, with own beer volumes down 3.1% to 94.97 mln hl.

In 9M09, total beer volumes decreased 1.6% to 276.20 mln hl, with own beer volumes down 1.4% to 271.77 mln hl, AB InBev said, adding that it managed to increase over the period its market share in 5 of its key markets: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, the UK, and the US, and maintained market share in the Ukraine.

3Q09 Focus Brand volumes grew 0.4% led by Antarctica, Brahma and Skol in Brazil, Harbin and Budweiser in China, and Stella Artois in the UK. In 9M09 Focus Brands grew 1.6%.

Revenues fell 0.4% in 3Q09 to USD9,763 mln and rose 1.8% in 9M09 to USD27,461 mln, while revenue per hl was up 3.9% in 3Q09 and 4.6% in 9M09 due to continued effective revenue management including selected price increases, the brewing giant said.

CoS for 3Q09 decreased 6.4% overall and 2.8% per hl as the company benefited from synergies achieved, procurement efficiencies and lower costs of non-hedgeable inputs. In 9M09, CoS decreased 4.2%, and 1.1% per hl.

The combined expenses for distribution, sales and marketing, administrative ...More Info


Brazil: AmBev posts mainly good results for Q3 2009

Companhia de Bebidas das Américas - AmBev - announced on November, 12 its results for the 2009 third quarter (Q3 2009).

During the third quarter, AmBev’s normalized consolidated* EBITDA totaled R$2,373.8 million, an 11.0% organic increase with margins expanding by 70 bps and reaching 43.9%. Consolidated volumes delivered solid growth, driven by Brazil once again, and were 4.7% higher in Q3 2009.

The year to date EBITDA totaled R$7,339.8 million representing a growth of 13.7% and a margin expansion of 180 bps to 44.7%.

Consolidated volume reached 36.3 mln hl (34.4 mln hl in Q3 2008). Revenues per hl increased to R$148.9 from R$139.4 a year ago.

YTD (year to date) consolidated volume amounted to 107.69 mln hl.

The company’s beer volumes in Brazil grew 12.3% to 18.01 mln hl during Q3 2009 driven by real growth in consumer disposable income for the third quarter in a row and strong market share gains. YTD Beer Brazil volume increased organically by 8.9% to 52.53 mln hl. During Q3 2009, the Brazilian unit of world’s No. 1 brewer AB InBev increased its market share by 218bps, reaching 69.4%, according to Nielsen, due to the good performance of the company’s innovations.

Net revenue per hectolitre decreased 0.1% in ...More Info


Turkey: Anadolu Efes increases Turkish beer sales, EBITDA in the nine months of this year

Turkish brewer Anadolu Efes announced on November, 11 its unaudited consolidated interim financial results as of and for the nine months period ended 30.09.2009 (9M2009).

The company’s total beer sales volume declined by 2% to 17.5 million hectolitres in 9M2009. Consolidated EBITDA amounted to TRL807.5 million (+ 8.6%). Consolidated net sales revenue increased by 6.3% to TRL3,072.8 million.

The improvement in the operational profitability was partly limited by non-cash foreign exchange losses recorded in 1Q2009 stemming from financial indebtedness in soft drink and international beer operations, more than half of which was recovered in the 2nd and 3rd quarter of 2009. As a result, Anadolu Efes generated a consolidated net profit attributable to shareholders of TRL403.8 million in 9M2009, indicating an increase of 13.6% compared to 9M2008.

Anadolu Efes’ consolidated gross profit increased by 6.1% in the nine months period of 2009 versus the same period of 2008 and reached TRL1,548.3 million. Although there was a significant improvement in EBI’s gross margin due lower input prices, Anadolu Efes’ consolidated gross profit margin remained almost flat at 50.4% in the nine months period of 2009, as the gross margin of soft drinks and Turkey Beer Operations declined in the period due to higher ...More Info


Singapore: Asia Pacific Breweries ends its fiscal year with a 39% increase in ANP

Despite a sluggish 2009 global economy, Asia Pacific Breweries Ltd (APB) ended its fiscal year on 30 September 2009 on a high note, the company said on November, 12.

Compared with FY2008, attributable net profit after exceptional items (ANP) registered a record S$172.4 million, an increase of S$48.6 million or 39%, due to an improvement in attributable net profit before exceptional items (APBE) of 20% or S$26 million to S$158 million. Another factor that contributed to the higher ANP is an exceptional gain of S$14.4 million from a compensation fee derived from the termination of a business development project as well as the sale of Liquorland Limited, a chain of liquor retail stores in New Zealand. Excluding APB's share of an impairment charge* on Kingway Brewery Holdings Ltd (Kingway) recorded in FY2008, translation differences and gestation losses**, organic APBE increased 6%.

Group profit before interest, tax and exceptional items (PBIT) gained S$29.5 million or 11% to reach S$307.2 million. Excluding translation differences, gestation losses* and APB's share of impairment charge on Kingway recorded in FY2008, organic PBIT grew 4%.

Group revenue for the year increased 2.1% to S$2.04 billion. Earnings (before exceptional items) and net asset value per share rose 10.1 cents to ...More Info


Thailand: ThaiBev’s beer division ends the Jan-Sept 2009 period at a loss

Brewer Thai Beverage PLC (ThaiBev) said on November, 11 its beer sales revenue dropped 28.7% to 20.49 bln baht in the first nine months of this year.

EBITDA of the company’s beer division plummeted 94.5% to 162 bln baht (2.96 bln in January – September 2008). The division ended the reporting period with a net loss of 1.2 bln baht (net profit of 830 bln in the same period last year).

EBITDA margin decreased from 10.3% in the nine months of 2008 to 0.8% in the same period this year.

The company said its flagship Chang beer sales continued to grow in North Asia (including Hong Kong. In the US, Chang beer is a relatively new entrant and distribution is continuing to grow so that while imported beers as a whole were down, Chang beer shipments were up. The brand is now making significant inroads both on- and off-premise. Chang is now authorized for sale in the Ra Sushi chain, one of the country’s largest sushi restaurant chains with 28 branches nationwide.


Russia: Lower house of parliament votes in favour of increasing duty on beer

Russia's lower house of parliament, or Duma, cleared the final reading of a bill to triple duties on beer, Reuters reported on November, 13.

The bill, approved by a majority of 313 votes, clears the way for the duty on beer to increase to 9 roubles ($0.314) next year from the current 3 roubles.

Government officials have said the bill will bring in an extra 65 billion roubles of budget revenues in 2010, but market participants say the industry would incur heavy losses.

Danish brewer Carlsberg, which owns Russia's biggest brewer Baltika and generates nearly half its profits from Russia, has seen its shares tumble on the news about plans to raise the duty.

According to the bill, the excise tax will rise further to 10 roubles in 2011 and to 12 roubles in 2012.


Malt News

Australia: GrainCorp completes acquisition of United Malt Holdings

GrainCorp Limited confirmed on November, 13 the completion of the acquisition of United Malt Holdings Limited for AUD757 million.

GrainCorp Managing Director Mr. Mark Irwin said, “Today marks a very special day in the 93 year history of GrainCorp. The purchase of the Canada Malting Company (Canada), Great Western Malting (USA), Bairds Malt (UK), and Barrett Burston Malting (Australia) transforms GrainCorp from an eastern Australian storage and handling service provider into an international agribusiness operating across four countries, with around half the company’s earnings now derived from barley and wheat processing.”

To complete the acquisition, GrainCorp successfully raised around AUD600 million through the issue of new shares.

“We wish to thank all of our existing and new shareholders for their participation in the capital raising. The acquisition of the Canada Malting Company, Great Western Malting, Bairds Malt, and Barrett Burston Malting means GrainCorp now has a much more stable and diversified earnings base, and from that base we will focus on providing long term earnings and value growth for shareholders,” Mr. Irwin said.

With the completion of the acquisition, GrainCorp has effectively doubled in size, meaning the new GrainCorp has,

• Become the world’s fourth largest commercial malt producer. • More than ...More Info


EU: Malt market livens up in October

In October, many independent brewers in Germany and Benelux reacted to rising markets and started to cover part of their needs, balances for crop 2009 and larger quantities of crop 2010 for delivery in 2011, experts communicated this month.

Business covered at least one third of the independent brewers’ demand in Germany.

International business, if any, was restricted to a few small transactions, it is reported.


Barley News

EU: Market sees present malting barley prices as attractive and bound to rise in future

EU’s malting barley crop is quoted EUR 20,- above crop 2010, and crop 2012 EUR 17,- above 2011, industry analysts communicated earlier this month.

Nominal quotes: Danish and U.K. barley, crop 2010, October shipment, FOB seaport, EUR 135,-. German spring barley, crop 2009, Oct – Jan, delivered maltings, EUR 115,- to 120,-, crop 2010, ex harvest, 150,- to 153,-.

The prices for future crops reflect the resistance of farmers to present values; and there is a feeling in the market that present malting barley prices are attractive and bound to rise in future years.


United Kingdom: Malting barley growers to see better crop prices no sooner than 2011

Malting barley growers will have to wait until 2011 before crop prices improve, commercial director of Crisp Malting Group, Bob King, was quoted as saying by Farmers Weekly Interactive on November, 12.

The combination of high stock carryover and falling demand meant that maltsters had enough supply to last them for two thirds of the year, he said.

"In the UK, spring barley production was up by 25% in 2009. Both plantings and yields were higher than normal and that situation was echoed across north west Europe."

While the UK malting industry usually bought 1.9 million tonnes of malting barley, the first three months of this marketing year saw usage fall by 18%, he said.

"That was a result of falling beer sales, which reduced the demand for malt. Beer sales started to fall in the second quarter of 2008 as the recession hit, although there are some signs that stability could be returning."

Malt whisky production had also experienced a knee-jerk stop due to the recession, he noted.

Looking ahead, Mr King said the 2010 winter malting barley area was down by 5-10%, as growers had walked away from a crop that couldn't compete with wheat. Demand was expected to be similar to 2009 at ...More Info


United Kingdom: IBD posts updated list of barley varieties approved for harvest 2010

UK Malting Barley Committee held its Autumn 2009 meeting to discuss the progress of new varieties within the testing system. The outcome was the removal of Cocktail from the approved list for brewing and distilling.

The updated IBD Approved List for Harvest 2010, incorporating the changes described above, is as follows:

Brewing use Winter varieties with full approval: Pearl, Flagon, Cassata; Spring varieties with full approval: Optic, NFC Tipple, Westminster, Quench; Spring varieties with provisional approval 1: Concerto.

Malt distilling use Winter varieties with full approval: none; Spring varieties with full approval: Optic, Oxbridge, Publican, Belgravia; Spring varieties with provisional approval 1: Concerto, Forensic.

Grain distilling use Winter varieties with full approval: none; Spring varieties with full approval: Decanter, Belgravia; Spring varieties with provisional approval 1: Forensic.


EU: Barley surplus and low prices may make farmers turn away to more rewarding grains

The EU sits on a surplus of 17 mln tons of barley of crop 2009, industry sources said at the beginning of November.

Exports during the first four months of the crop year were 319,000 tons. In the line of feed barley the EU is hopelessly uncompetitive against the Black Sea countries, US$ 160,- FOB against US$ 130,- and 140,- from the smaller resp. larger ports of the Black and Azov Sea.

As of now intervention is open in the EU, and massive applications are expected, several million tons. It remains to be seen, whether markets can be stabilized by this artificial outlet. As of next year, 2010/11, intervention will be abolished so that barley values will have to follow world markets. In all probability such a step will be another incentive to farmers to turn away from barley to more rewarding or safer produce.

Scientific Digest

Mashing Studies with Unmalted Sorghum and Malted Barley

Declan L. Goode, Catherine Halbert and Elke K. Arendt

Abstract:
The effects on wort quality when mashing with unmalted sorghum (0-100%) and malted barley (100-0%) in combination with industrial enzymes were evaluated. A mashing program with temperature stands at 50°C, 95°C and 60°C was used. Different combinations of commercial enzymes were evaluated. A heat stable α-amylase was found to be essential for efficient saccharification. The inclusion of a fungal α-amylase in mashes with a high sorghum content improved filtration rates to that of 100% malted barley mashes. Addition of a bacterial protease increased the amount of nitrogen solubilisation and peptide degradation. An increase of the relative proportion of sorghum in the grist resulted in decreases in wort filtration, colour, viscosity, attenuation limit, free amino nitrogen, high molecular weight nitrogen, and a corresponding increase in pH (p < 0.01). Overall the addition of malted barley in small proportions to unmalted sorghum mashes together with commercial enzymes was found to improve the potential for brewing a high quality lager beer from unmalted sorghum.
Key words: Adjuncts, enzymes, heat stable α-amylase, malted barley, sorghum, unmalted sorghum.
Load full article, 9 pages, 178 kb , PDF file

Barley Prices
EURO = USD 1.4948 November 13, 2009  
 Crop year   2009   2010 
 Parity   FOB Creil   FOB Creil 
 Position   July 2009   July 2010 
Type   Variety  EURO  USD  EURO  USD 
2RS  Scarlett  102.00  152.50  124.00  185.50 
2RS  Prestige  101.00  151.00  123.00  184.00 
2RS  Cellar  100.00  149.50  122.00  182.50 
2RS  Sebastien  99.00  148.00  121.00  181.00 
2RS  Tipple  99.00  148.00  121.00  181.00 
2RS  Henley  99.00  148.00  121.00  181.00 
6RW  Esterel   97.00  145.00  113.00  169.00 

>French Feed Barley Prices. Nominal prices
EURO = USD 1.4948 November 13,2009
Crop year 2009
Parity FOB Creil
Position July 2009
Type EURO USD
Feed Barley 96.00 143.50


Theoretical Malt Prices

  EURO = USD 1.4948 November 13, 2009 
Crop year  2009 
Parity  FOB Antwerp 
Position  Nov 2009 - Sept 2010 
Conditioning  Bulk   In bags  Bulk containers Bags, containers
Malting barley variety  EURO  USD  EURO  USD  EURO  USD  EURO  USD 
2RS  Scarlett  288.50  431.00  319.50  477.50  311.50  466.00  326.00  487.50 
2RS  Prestige  287.00  429.00  318.50  475.50  310.50  464.00  324.50  485.50 
2RS  Cellar  286.00  427.00  317.00  473.50  309.50  462.50  323.50  483.50 
2RS  Sebastien  284.50  425.50  315.50  472.00  308.00  460.50  322.50  481.50 
2RS  Tipple  284.50  425.50  315.50  472.00  308.00  460.50  322.50  481.50 
2RS  Henley  284.50  425.50  315.50  472.00  308.00  460.50  322.50  481.50 
2RS   Average price  286.00  427.00  317.00  473.50  309.50  462.50  323.50  483.50 
6RW  Esterel   281.00  421.50  313.50  468.50  305.50  456.50  320.00  478.00 
Asia Malt 70/30  284.50  425.50  316.00  472.00  308.50  460.50  322.50  482.00 
**  Asia Malt 50/50  284.00  424.50  315.00  471.00  307.50  459.50  321.50  481.00 


EURO = USD 1.4948 November 13, 2009, 
Crop year  2010 
Parity  FOB Antwerp 
Position  Oct 2010 - Sept 2011 
Conditioning  Bulk   In bags  Bulk containers Bags, containers
Malting barley variety  EURO  USD  EURO  USD  EURO  USD  EURO  USD 
2RS  Scarlett  314.50  470.00  345.50  516.50  338.00  505.50  352.50  526.50 
2RS  Prestige  313.50  468.50  344.50  515.00  337.00  503.50  351.00  524.50 
2RS  Cellar  312.00  466.50  343.50  513.00  335.50  501.50  350.00  523.00 
2RS  Sebastien  311.00  464.50  342.00  511.50  334.50  499.50  348.50  521.00 
2RS  Tipple  311.00  464.50  342.00  511.50  334.50  499.50  348.50  521.00 
2RS  Henley  311.00  464.50  342.00  511.50  334.50  499.50  348.50  521.00 
2RS   Average price  312.00  466.50  343.50  513.00  335.50  501.50  350.00  523.00 
6RW  Esterel   300.00  450.00  332.50  496.50  324.50  485.00  339.00  506.50 
Asia Malt 70/30  309.00  461.50  340.00  508.00  332.50  496.50  346.50  518.00 
**  Asia Malt 50/50  306.50  458.50  337.50  505.00  330.00  493.50  344.50  514.50 

NB: Prices published are theoretical malt prices including financial cost, THC (for bulk and bags container) and all administrative costs. This prices may fluctuate according to the quantity per delivery and technical specifications.

* - 70/30 = 70% Average two Rows Spring and 30% Six Rows Winter
** - 50/50 = 50% Average two Rows Spring and 50% Six Rows Winter

Table of the Week

United States Hops Production by Variety 2008 - 2009e
Production in metric tons

Variety Crop 2008 Crop 2009e Change (%)
Apollo 706 816 15.58
Cascade 1,711 2,041 19.29
Chelan 730 635 -13.01
Columbus (Tomahawk) 5,735 5,216 -9.05
Galena 2,140 2,087 -2.48
Millenium 1,131 998 -11.76
Nugget 2,721 2,767 1.69
Summit 1,879 1,991 5.96
Super Galena 757 1,134 49.80
Willamette 4,668 3,493 -25.17
Zeus 8,050 7,938 -1.39
Other 6,334 7,571 19.53
Total 36,562 36,687 0.34
Source: Hopsteiner
Graph of the Week


Source: HGCA

These Days in Business History
November 12
1494 Corporate balance sheets and income statements can trace their heritage to this day, as the first edition of Luca Pacioli's Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportioni et Proportionalita is printed in Venice.
1765 Robert Fulton is born. He invents the world's first practical steamboat in 1807, and for the first time humans can safely travel substantial distances without relying on animals or wind.

November 13
1851 Telegraph connection between London-Paris linked
1893 Edward A Doisy Sr is born, U.S. bio-chemist, Vitamin K1, Nobel 1943
1910 1st modern elastic brassiere patented by Mary Phelps Jacob

November 14
1957 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), forms
1985 Brewers release 39-year-old pitcher Rollie Fingers
1994 1st trains for public run in English Channel Tunnel

November 15
1904 King C Gillette patents Gillette razor blade
1971 Intel advertises 4004-processor
Agenda