If you want to see this letter from our site, please follow this link. http://www.e-malt.com/Publications.asp?6883
E-Malt.com NewsLetter

Newsletter Summary





Last five newsletters


Last five graphs

Note: All graphs issued with e-malt.com newsletters are published in "Graph" section of e-malt.com site.



Last five tables

All e-malt.com tables are published in e-malt.com Statistics section. The Statistics section includes Barley statistics, Malt statistics and Beer statistics. The tables related to barley are published in Barley Statistics section, the tables related to malt in Malt Statistics section and the tables related to beer in Beer Statistics section.



Last five prices evolutions


Last five scientific digests


Access to E-malt.com

User name

Password


Use the above form to have a full immediate access to E-malt.com site! Through the drop-down menu you can easily remind your username and password, change your username and password or even edit your account!




Do you know
E-malt.com?

Dear E-malt Reader!

E-malt.com Newsletters Archive could be found directly on e-malt.com site. Browsing through our Newsletters Archive you may see all the issues you have missed. To this purpose you just have to login e-malt.com and click on Newsletters link in the menu. Reading our Newsletters you will be kept informed with the latest news and events regarding malting and beer world. You may also submit your own news, events or other information to the address info@e-malt.com!

Updated figures related to USA barley and malt trade with Mexico and Canada could be seen in NAFTA section of e-malt.com menu. To this purpose please enter e-malt.com!

You may find updated malt, barley and beer statistics on e-malt.com Statistics section. Just enter e-malt.com! Here you will find all tables issued with e-malt.com newsletters.

E-malt.com Agenda gives the possibility to keep you informed about the Events planned to be held in the whole world related to the brewing and malting industries. To this purpose you just have to login e-malt.com and click on Agenda link in the menu. Reading our Event Agenda you will find out about the future symposia, conferences and festivals related to malting and beer world. You may also submit your own events to the address info@e-malt.com

E-malt.com has Trading Online system. The system is to be used for malt/barley trading. One can register a malt/barley offer or a malt/barley request. The registering person could be as a seller/buyer or as an agent for seller/buyer. The User can see information about all active malt/barley offers & requests. If needed the system allows user to buy/sell malt/barley due to reasonable offers/requests. The way to do this is to confirm reasonable transaction. Trading Online rules are available through the Internet in the Trading Online as well as Tutorial (useful for persons who starts the system usage). To visit the E-malt Trading Online first go to the E-malt.com site, then click Trading Online link in the left menu of the e-malt.com home page. For more details please contact info@e-malt.com

Thank You!


E-malt.com Links!




Note

If you have any comments, questions, suggestions or remarks, you can send a mail to: info@e-malt.com. To submit your own news to our editorial team, email to: info@e-malt.com


If you have received this newsletter from a colleague, you can obtain your own subscription here! You are not registered yet? You may register here.


You may recommend our site to your friend by clicking here.


If you do not wish to receive our newsletter, please unsubscribe your e-mail address from our mailing list by sending us an e-mail info@e-malt.com. Please take into consideration your registration data.



E-Malt.com Newsletter 20b
May 13 - May 16, 2010
Open!
Click here to get full size Newsletter


Quote of the week

"Nowadays people know the price of everything and the value of nothing."
Oscar Wilde
Currency Rates
Base Currency: Euro, EUR
on 14-May-2010

1 EUR = 1.2597 USD
1 EUR = 0.8544 GBP
1 EUR = 1.2795 CAD
1 EUR = 1.4014 AUD
1 EUR = 117.131 JPY
1 EUR = 2.2462 BRL
1 EUR = 37.7696 RUB
1 EUR = 8.6131 CNY
Base Currency: US Dollar
on 14-May-2010

1 USD = 0.794 EUR
1 USD = 0.6782 GBP
1 USD = 1.0157 CAD
1 USD = 1.1125 AUD
1 USD = 92.9923 JPY
1 USD = 1.7832 BRL
1 USD = 29.9837 RUB
1 USD = 6.8376 CNY
Currency Rates Chart

Equities of the Largest Breweries

Equities of the Largest Breweries

Average Market Prices Change Trend

May 14, 2010

Type Crop 2009 Crop 2010
2rs Barley EUR99.0-103.0 EUR136.0-140.0
6rw Barley EUR96.0-100.0 EUR119.0-123.0
2rs Malt EUR280.0-284.0 EUR321.0-325.0
6rw Malt EUR276.5-280.5 EUR300.0-304.0
Feed Barley EUR91.0-95.0 nq nq

Note: Just click on the price link and you will be led to our Market Price History. Average barley market prices are French and are estimated on FOB Creil basis. Average Malt Prices are theoretical and based FOB Antwerp being estimated on French malting barley. The changes are compared to last Newsletter's prices. Arrows indicate the direction of the change.


Top Industry News

World: Demand for malt deliveries in 2010 still shown once in a while ...Click here
World: EU, NAFTA seem likely to return to good beer sales during spring and summer ...Click here
Thailand: ThaiBev’s beer business reports bigger loss in Q1 2010 ...Click here
Singapore: Asia Pacific Breweries’ net profit up 48% in six months ended March 31 ...Click here
Australia: Coca-Cola Amatil, SABMiller JV grows volumes, market share this year ...Click here
Russia: Carlsberg confident in its ‘strong sales machine’ in Russia ...Click here
United States: New beer tax cutting bill presented to Senate ...Click here
EU: Trade estimates of barley production and acreage even lower than IGC’s ...Click here
United States & Canada: Barley acreage down 8% and 4% respectively ...Click here


More News


Belgium: AB InBev lifted from stable to positive ...More Info
New Zealand: Taste for craft beer on the rise ...More Info
EU: Malting barley markets calm ...More Info
Austria: Ottakringer brewery interested in acquisitions ...More Info
Azerbaijan: Baltika-Baku brewery ready to supply beer to neighbours ...More Info
The Netherlands: Heineken informs of $725 million 8-year US Private Placement ...More Info
Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe’s biggest brewer says ‘business better than ever before’ ...More Info
Japan: Kirin targets unusual market sector with its Free beer ...More Info
South Africa: SAB seeks to speed up hearing its complicated case ...More Info
Go to our news database with more than 16951 articles.
Today with the possibility to be translated in 7 different languages!
DE FR SP IT PT RU CN

Brewery News

World: EU, NAFTA seem likely to return to good beer sales during spring and summer

World beer markets show signs of improvement, but regrettably not everywhere, analysts reported late in April.

China, Southeast Asia, Africa and South America report increases of beer sales.

In Japan beer sales hit an 18-year low in the first quarter of 2010, 5.7% down from last year. The share of lager beer is only 47.5%, while 3rd category beer climbed to a 33.9% market share.

Russia continues to suffer from a catastrophic slump of beer sales, minus 19.7% for Jan-March 2010.

Germany reports a very good month of March, it turned a reduction of beer sales of 5.7% in Jan/Feb into a 1.1% growth for the first quarter.

The U.S. sold 15.75 mln barrels in March, unchanged from a year ago, but could not compensate losses of Jan/Feb yet.

Hope seems justified that both the EU and NAFTA will return to good average beer sales during spring and summer, experts said.


Thailand: ThaiBev’s beer business reports bigger loss in Q1 2010

Thai Beverage Public Company Limited (ThaiBev) reported on May, 14 that its consolidated net profit for the first quarter of 2010 fell 17.2 per cent to 2.5 billion Baht.

Revenue rose 8.6 per cent to 30.02 billion Baht.

EBITDA contracted by 14.2% to 4.9 bln Baht.

ThaiBev’s total sales volume dropped by 4% to 153 mln litres in the first quarter of this year.

Sales revenue from the beer operations grew by 8.3% to 8.59 mln Baht. The division’s net loss widened from 161 mln Baht in Q1 2009 to 415 mln Baht this year.

The company said the political protest in various parts of Bangkok and the outlying areas during the first quarter of 2010 has had a direct impact to the overall beer industry.

“Most people refrained from leaving their homes and going out especially to on-premise places,” it said.

USA performance continues to improve with a strong increase in sales year on year, sales growth was driven by activation of programs behind Chang Beer in Southern California, New York, and Boston markets leading up to the sponsorship of Bird Concert in Los Angeles, and New York City at the end of May.

ASEAN performance was driven by Chang Beer sales increasing by 81% with ...More Info


Singapore: Asia Pacific Breweries’ net profit up 48% in six months ended March 31

Singapore-based Asia Pacific Breweries Ltd (APB) announced on May, 13 a significant 45% or S$77.5 million gain in Group profit before interest, tax and exceptional items (PBIT) to S$250.2 million for the six months ended 31 March 2010.

Group attributable net profit before exceptional items (APBE) advanced strongly by S$43.7 million or 48% to S$134.7million.

Group revenue grew to S$1.25 billion, which is 17% higher than the same period last year, mainly due to higher volumes.

Earnings per share before exceptional items rose from 35.3 cents to 52.2 cents. Net asset value per share gained 26 cents to S$4.26 while net tangible assets (NTA) per share decreased from S$3.17 to S$1.77 when compared to September last year. The reduction in NTA is mainly due to an increase in intangible assets arising from the acquisition of breweries in Indonesia and New Caledonia and the Bintang brand, the company said.

Mr Roland Pirmez, Chief Executive Officer, APB said, "The demand for our beers remained strong in the second quarter although the growth rate has moderated as compared to the first quarter."

"For the six months under review, our largest PBIT contributor, IndoChina (comprising Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam) continued to be the Group's key driver of ...More Info


Australia: Coca-Cola Amatil, SABMiller JV grows volumes, market share this year

Coca-Cola Amatil Limited (CCA) said on May, 14 that Pacific Beverages JV, its joint venture with SABMiller plc, has continued to invest in building its brands and growing its market share of the Australian premium alcoholic beverages market in the current first half of 2010.

While the beer market overall has experienced a softer start to the year, Pacific Beverages’ premium beer portfolio has continued to grow volumes and market share and now accounts for almost 10% of the premium beer market in Australia, the company said, citing AC Nielsen data.

The Bluetongue Brewery in New South Wales will be commissioned later this month with the first commercial production expected at the end of June, CCA reports.

“With the Bluetongue Brewery about to be commissioned, we will have the manufacturing platform to take our beer business to the next level,” CCA’s Group Managing Director, Mr Terry Davis, said.

In a press conference after the annual general meeting, Davis said players in the premium beer market, into which it is selling its Bluetongue and Peroni Leggera beers, is losing some of its pricing power, with a 3%-5% compression in prices in that market recently. The premium market has grown more competitive in Australia given ...More Info


Russia: Carlsberg confident in its ‘strong sales machine’ in Russia

Danish brewer Carlsberg A/S will fight off competition in Russia and grow market share this year, Chief Executive Jorgen Buhl Rasmussen was quoted as saying by Dow Jones Newswires on May, 11.

"We are still confident about that," he said. "We have a very strong sales machine in the country."

Carlsberg reported forecast-beating first-quarter earnings on May, 11, but volumes for Russia were a disappointment. The Copenhagen-based company's market share in Russia was 39.1% in the three months ended March 31, compared to 40.9% a year earlier. Carlsberg pointed out that market share was up compared to the fourth quarter of 2009.

"You have to look at the long-term trend," Buhl Rasmussen said. "We should be able to outperform the market every year."

Beer consumption in Russia has increased rapidly in the past few years but the economic downturn coupled with a tax increase has sent beer volumes lower. Buhl Rasmussen said that Carlsberg has a "very detailed plan" to pass on the tax hike to consumers.

"As a principle, we believe the consumers will have to pay," he said, "and we have managed to pass on a very significant part already."

All brewers with a foothold in Russia are facing the ...More Info


United States: New beer tax cutting bill presented to Senate

Shares of Boston Beer have jumped 4% to $62.63 after Massachusetts Senator John Kerry presented a new bill to Senate on May, 12 proposing that the excise tax for small beer makers be cut to $3.50 a barrel for the first 60,000 barrels produced each year from $7, TheStreet communicated on May, 13.

The proposed change would also reduce the excise tax to $16 from $18 for every additional barrel up to 2 million barrels.

There are about 1,500 small breweries in the U.S. that could stand to benefit from such a tax cut, including 40 small ones in Massachusetts. Boston Beer, the maker of Sam Adams and the biggest of the group, is, of course, one of them.

Co-sponsoring the bill with Kerry, a Democrat, are Republican Senators Mike Crapo of Idaho and Olympia Snowe of Maine; as well as Democratic Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon.

Democrat Representative Richard Neal of Massachusetts and Republican Represntative Kevin Brady of Texas introduced the bill to the House toward the end of last year.


Malt News

World: Demand for malt deliveries in 2010 still shown once in a while

Once in a while there is still demand for malt for delivery during 2010, industry sources inform.

Brewers must still buy malt for 40 – 50 %of their needs in 2011, it is estimated.

The price development will depend mainly on barley crops and markets, which point to modestly higher levels.


Barley News

EU: Trade estimates of barley production and acreage even lower than IGC’s

The latest IGC report sets the forecast of EU’s barley production at 56.5 mln tonnes this year, which represents a 9% drop versus last year.

The winter barley acreage is expected to drop by 7%, spring barley – by 11%.

Trade estimates of both the acreage and production are lower, a research note said at the end of April.

Growing conditions are still favourable, although any extension of the present warm and dry weather would be negative for yields, grain size and protein contents. Rains are forecast for northwest and central Europe.

In general one would expect a smaller crop than last year, because of a smaller acreage, a long and hard winter, late spring with delayed planting of spring grains, a lower input of fertilizer, early dryness. There is one reserve, however: in the past two years crops were surprisingly good, better than anticipated even shortly before harvest, experts point out.


United States & Canada: Barley acreage down 8% and 4% respectively

United States’ barley planted areas declined by 8% to 1.33 mln ha, industry analysts communicated earlier this month.

Of the total barley acreage, North Dakota planted 397,000 ha (last year 490,000), Montana - 320,000 ha (352,000) and Idaho – 210,000 ha, the same as last year.

Canada Statistics reports a drop of 4% of the planted barley acreage from 3.506 to 3.377 mln ha, but expects a lower abandonment. The Western provinces are estimated as follows (in 1000 ha, last year in brackets): Manitoba 271 (283), Saskatchewan 1315 (1396), Alberta 1558 (1603).

Scientific Digest

Effects of Lysozyme on the Microbiological Stability and Organoleptic Properties of Unpasteurized Beer

T. Silvetti, M. Brasca, R. Lodi, L. Vanoni, F. Chiolerio, M. de Groot and A. Bravi

J. Inst. Brew. 116(1), 33–40, 2010
ABSTRACT
Lysozyme is an antimicrobial enzyme that could be applied to counteract those bacterial species which, due to their own metabolic activity, possess notable beer spoilage ability and lead to loss of beer quality. Experiments were carried out to assess lysozyme potential to prevent the growth of beer spoilage bacteria, and to verify the effect of lysozyme on the microbiological stability and sensory characteristics of unpasteurized beer. Eight replicates, all from the same lot of Italian beer, were treated with 0 and 100 ppm lysozyme. Microbiological analyses were conducted bimonthly to investigate the presence of spoilage bacteria. Sensory analyses were performed to determine whether there were any significant differences in sensory impressions between beers produced with and without lysozyme. Lysozyme exerted a strong inhibitory action on the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) present in the beer and was very stable throughout the shelf life. Sensory tests revealed no unfavourable influence on beer flavour when using lysozyme. Indeed, the shelf life of beer with added lysozyme proved to be extended. Even as late as 1 month after the expiry date it still met with the panellists’ approval. Lysozyme may be regarded as an effective agent for preventing microbiological contamination and prolonging the stability of unpasteurized beer. Key words: lactic acid bacteria (LAB), lysozyme, shelf life, unpasteurized beer. Load full article, 8 pages, 258 kb , PDF file


Barley Prices
French Malting Barley Prices
EURO = USD 1.2597 May 14, 2010
 Crop year   2009   2010 
 Parity   FOB Creil   FOB Creil 
 Position   July 2009   July 2010 
Type   Variety  EURO  USD  EURO  USD 
2RS  Scarlett  103.00  130.00  140.00  176.50 
2RS  Prestige  102.00  128.50  139.00  175.50 
2RS  Cellar  101.00  127.50  138.00  174.00 
2RS  Sebastien  100.00  126.00  137.00  172.50 
2RS  Tipple  100.00  126.00  137.00  172.50 
2RS  Henley  100.00  126.00  137.00  172.50 
6RW  Esterel   98.00  123.50  121.00  152.50 

Nominal French Feed Barley Prices
EURO = USD 1.2597 May 14, 2010
Crop year 2009
Parity FOB Creil
Position July 2009
Type EURO USD
Feed Barley 92.00 115.89
Canadian Barley Prices
USD = CAD 1.0157, May 14, 2010
Canadian Malting Barley Prices, CWB Quotes/Indications, Basis Export Position Crop 2009 in C$/tCrop 2010 in C$/t
2-Row Malting Barley, Domestic 234.00 234.00
2-Row Malting Barley, Off Shore 230.00 230.00
2-Row Malting Barley, for USA 230.00 230.00
2-Row Malting Barley, for Mexico 230.00 230.00
6-Row Malting Barley, Domestic 222.00 222.00
6-Row Malting Barley, Off Shore * 215.00 215.00
6-Row Malting Barley, for USA 215.00 215.00
6-Row Malting Barley, for Mexico 215.00 215.00
Canadian Feed Barley Values, Basis Lethbridge non board Crop 2009 in C$/tCrop 2010 in C$/t
Feed Barley, Basis Lethbridge non board 150.00 nq
* rarely traded


US Barley Prices, Crop 2009
USD = EUR 0.794, May 14, 2010
Malting Barley Pricesin US$/t
2-Row Malting Barley, Basis Great Falls, Montana 138.00
6-Row Malting Barley, Basis Minneapolis, Minnesota 161.00
Feed Barley Pricesin US$/t
Feed Barley Basis Great Falls, Montana 105.00
Canadian malt and barley prices as well as US barley prices information provided by
Integrated Malt Barley Management Ltd IMBM


Malt Prices

Theoretical EU Malt Prices
  EURO = USD 1.2597 May 14, 2010 
Crop year  2009 
Parity  FOB Antwerp 
Position  May 2010 - Sept 2010 
Conditioning  Bulk   In bags  Bulk containers Bags, containers
Malting barley variety  EURO  USD  EURO  USD  EURO  USD  EURO  USD 
2RS  Scarlett  284.50  358.00  315.50  397.50  308.00  387.50  322.00  405.50 
2RS  Prestige  283.00  356.50  314.50  396.00  306.50  386.50  321.00  404.00 
2RS  Cellar  282.00  355.00  313.00  394.50  305.50  384.50  319.50  402.50 
2RS  Sebastien  280.50  353.50  312.00  393.00  304.00  383.00  318.50  401.00 
2RS  Tipple  280.50  353.50  312.00  393.00  304.00  383.00  318.50  401.00 
2RS  Henley  280.50  353.50  312.00  393.00  304.00  383.00  318.50  401.00 
2RS   Average price  282.00  355.00  313.00  394.50  305.50  384.50  319.50  402.50 
6RW  Esterel   278.50  350.50  309.50  389.50  301.50  380.00  316.00  398.00 
Asia Malt 70/30  281.00  353.50  312.00  393.00  304.50  383.50  318.50  401.50 
**  Asia Malt 50/50  280.00  352.50  311.50  392.00  303.50  382.50  318.00  400.50 


EURO = USD 1.2597 May 14, 2010 
Crop year  2010 
Parity  FOB Antwerp 
Position  Oct 2010 - Sept 2011 
Conditioning  Bulk   In bags  Bulk containers Bags, containers
Malting barley variety  EURO  USD  EURO  USD  EURO  USD  EURO  USD 
2RS  Scarlett  325.50  409.50  356.50  449.00  348.50  439.50  363.00  457.50 
2RS  Prestige  324.00  408.00  355.50  447.50  347.50  437.50  361.50  455.50 
2RS  Cellar  323.00  406.50  354.00  446.00  346.50  436.50  360.50  454.00 
2RS  Sebastien  321.50  405.00  352.50  444.50  345.00  434.50  359.50  452.50 
2RS  Tipple  321.50  405.00  352.50  444.50  345.00  434.50  359.50  452.50 
2RS  Henley  321.50  405.00  352.50  444.50  345.00  434.50  359.50  452.50 
2RS   Average price  323.00  406.50  354.00  446.00  346.50  436.50  360.50  454.00 
6RW  Esterel   302.00  380.50  333.00  419.50  325.50  410.00  339.50  428.00 
Asia Malt 70/30  316.50  398.50  347.50  438.00  340.00  428.50  354.50  446.50 
**  Asia Malt 50/50  312.50  393.50  343.50  432.50  336.00  423.00  350.00  441.00 

NB: Prices published are theoretical malt prices including financial cost, THC (for bulk and bags container) and all administrative costs. This prices may fluctuate according to the quantity per delivery and technical specifications.

* - 70/30 = 70% Average two Rows Spring and 30% Six Rows Winter
** - 50/50 = 50% Average two Rows Spring and 50% Six Rows Winter

Canadian Malt Prices
USD = CAD 1.0157, May 14, 2010
Theoretical Canadian Malt Prices, Basis Export Position Crop 2009 in C$/tCrop 2010 in C$/t
2-Row Malt, Domestic 451.00 451.00
2-Row Malt, Off Shore 449.00 449.00
6-Row Malt, Domestic 431.00 431.00
6-Row Malt, Off Shore* 430.00 430.00
* rarely traded
Canadian malt and barley prices as well as US barley prices information provided by
Integrated Malt Barley Management Ltd IMBM
Table of the Week

EU - 27 Barley Crop Forecast - 2010

  Total 2010 thereof Spring Barley
  Area ('000 ha) Yield (100 kg/ha) Production ('000 tons) Area ('000 ha) Yield (100 kg/ha) Production ('000 tons)
Austria 185.0 48.1 890.0 95.0 42.0 399.0
Belgium/Lux. 60.0 85.0 510.0 7.0 73.0 51.0
Bulgaria 243.0 34.8 846.0 25.0 20.0 50.0
Cyprus 53.0 15.0 80.0 - - -
Czech Rep. 410.0 44.3 1816.0 300.0 43.0 1290.0
Denmark 540.0 50.0 2700.0 390.0 48.0 1872.0
Estonia 138.0 22.6 312.0 135.0 22.5 304.0
Finland 490.0 35.0 1715.0 490.0 35.0 1715.0
France 1685.0 64.3 10835.0 450.0 62.5 2813.0
Germany 1710.0 61.2 10465.0 385.0 48.0 1848.0
Greece 180.0 19.0 342.0 - - -
Hungary 295.0 35.5 1047.0 115.0 30.0 345.0
Ireland 165.0 66.5 1097.0 150.0 65.0 975.0
Italy 280.0 35.0 980.0 - - -
Latvia 103.0 22.2 229.0 95.0 21.0 200.0
Lithuania 250.0 29.5 738.0 235.0 29.0 682.0
Malta 1.0 27.0 3.0 - - -
Netherlands 40.0 62.0 248.0 35.0 62.7 219.0
Poland 1100.0 31.8 3498.0 875.0 31.5 2756.0
Portugal 31.0 20.0 62.0 - - -
Romania 450.0 25.3 1139.0 150.0 21.0 315.0
Slovakia 180.0 36.4 655.0 160.0 36.0 576.0
Slovenia 20.0 39.5 79.0 2.0 35.0 7.0
Spain 2850.0 34.4 9800.0 2400.0 35.4 8500.0
Sweden 330.0 42.6 1407.0 310.0 42.0 1302.0
UK 860.0 59.5 5117.0 510.0 55.7 2839.0
TOTAL EU - 27 12644.0 44.7 56580.0 7319.0 39.7 29085.0
Source: Coceral
Coceral statistics of EU-27 Barley Crop 2009 is available on www.e-malt.com
Graph of the Week


Source: Czech Hop Growers Association

These Days in Business History
May 13
1842 1st edition of London Illustrated News
1862 Adolphe Nicole of Switzerland patents chronograph
1884 Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) forms

May 14
1872 Metropolitan Gas Company lamps lit for 1st time
1881 World's 1st elec tram goes into service in Lichterfelder (near Berlin)

May 15
1878 The Tokyo Stock Exchange Co., Ltd., is established, primarily to trade bonds.
1905 Las Vegas, Nevada founded
1941 The world’s first successful jet aircraft, a Gloster E28/39 powered by a W1 engine designed by Frank Whittle, takes off and lands at Farnborough, England.

May 16
1911 Supreme Court dissolves Standard Oil with the Sherman Antitrust Act
1930 Two Texas engineers found a company called Geophysical Service Inc. to use seismographic technology to improve the business of exploring for oil.
1949 The Tokyo Stock Exchange, originally founded in 1878, reopens for business after the devastation of World War II.
Agenda